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Justice and Reciprocity
Justice and Reciprocity examines the place of reciprocity in egalitarianism, focusing on John Rawls's conception of "justice as fairness." Reciprocity was a central to justice as fairness, but Rawls wasn't explicit about the different forms of reciprocity, nor the diverse roles reciprocity played in his theory. The book's main thesis is threefold. First, reciprocity is not simply a fact of human psychology or a duty, but a limiting condition on other duties.Second, such conditions are a natural consequence of thinking of equality as a relational value.However, third, we can identify limits on this conditionality, which explains how some duties of justice can be unconditional.The book explores the ramifications of this argument in a series of debates about distributive justice: productive incentives, duties to future generations, unconditional basic income, and global justice.In each domain, thinking about reciprocity as a limiting condition helps explain otherwise puzzling aspects of justice as fairness, in some cases making the view more plausible, but in others underlining limits that will be unappealing to egalitarians of a more unilateral bent.Lister ultimately shows that reciprocity involves more than returning benefits, and that limiting justice with reciprocity conditions need not make justice implausibly undemanding.In this way, the book rehabilitates reciprocity for egalitarianism.
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Path : A short story about reciprocity
A solitary figure walks along ancient pathways, between slender trees, across open hills. As the earth offers up support and reassurance, they walk through uncertainty towards an understanding that they we are not alone, but part of the fabric of the world. With evocative photography and artwork, Path is a contemplative journey written in poetic prose that embodies the steady rhythms and joy of walking, and captures our reciprocal relationship with the land.
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Contemporary Collaborative Consumption : Trust and Reciprocity Revisited
This book provides critical perspectives on contemporary collaborative consumption, a recent societal phenomenon shaking up previously fixed socio-economic categories such as the producer and the consumer.The contributors discuss the role of trust and reciprocity in collaborative consumption through seven case studies.The chapters advance debates on the contradictions of positioning collaborative consumption as possible solutions for a more sustainable development and exacerbating new forms of inequalities and injustice.The book contributes a nuanced appraisal of social and economic activity for reflecting socio-technological changes in contemporary societies.
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A Cooperative Species : Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution
Why do humans, uniquely among animals, cooperate in large numbers to advance projects for the common good?Contrary to the conventional wisdom in biology and economics, this generous and civic-minded behavior is widespread and cannot be explained simply by far-sighted self-interest or a desire to help close genealogical kin.In A Cooperative Species, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis--pioneers in the new experimental and evolutionary science of human behavior--show that the central issue is not why selfish people act generously, but instead how genetic and cultural evolution has produced a species in which substantial numbers make sacrifices to uphold ethical norms and to help even total strangers.The authors describe how, for thousands of generations, cooperation with fellow group members has been essential to survival.Groups that created institutions to protect the civic-minded from exploitation by the selfish flourished and prevailed in conflicts with less cooperative groups. Key to this process was the evolution of social emotions such as shame and guilt, and our capacity to internalize social norms so that acting ethically became a personal goal rather than simply a prudent way to avoid punishment.Using experimental, archaeological, genetic, and ethnographic data to calibrate models of the coevolution of genes and culture as well as prehistoric warfare and other forms of group competition, A Cooperative Species provides a compelling and novel account of how humans came to be moral and cooperative.
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What does Mendel's law of reciprocity state?
Mendel's law of reciprocity states that the reciprocal crosses between two different traits will produce the same result regardless of which parent is the male and which is the female. This means that the outcome of a genetic cross will be the same whether Trait A is inherited from the male parent and Trait B from the female, or vice versa. In other words, the inheritance of traits is not dependent on the sex of the parent carrying the trait.
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What does that depend on reciprocity mean?
Reciprocity means the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit. In the context of "that depend on reciprocity," it suggests that the outcome or success of a situation or relationship is contingent on both parties giving and receiving in equal measure. It emphasizes the importance of balance and fairness in interactions, where each individual contributes and receives in a way that is mutually beneficial.
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What does Mendel's Law of Reciprocity state?
Mendel's Law of Reciprocity states that the relative frequencies of two kinds of gametes produced by an individual plant or animal are equal to the product of the frequencies of the two kinds of gametes produced by the other individual. In simpler terms, it means that the probability of two events occurring together is the same as the product of the probabilities of each event occurring separately. This law helps in understanding the inheritance patterns of different traits in offspring.
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What is the difference between reciprocity and mutualism?
Reciprocity refers to the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit, often with the expectation of a return favor in the future. This can be seen in various social, economic, and cultural contexts. On the other hand, mutualism is a specific type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both parties benefit from the interaction. This can be seen in ecological systems, where different species rely on each other for resources or services. While reciprocity is a broader concept that encompasses various types of exchanges, mutualism specifically refers to a mutually beneficial relationship between two organisms.
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Cannibal Translation Volume 44 : Literary Reciprocity in Contemporary Latin America
A bold comparative study illustrating the creative potential of translations that embrace mutuality and resist assimilation Cannibal translators digest, recombine, transform, and trouble their source materials.Isabel C. Gómez makes the case for this model of literary production by excavating a network of translation projects in Latin America that includes canonical writers of the twentieth century, including Haroldo and Augusto de Campos, Rosario Castellanos, Clarice Lispector, JosÉ Emilio Pacheco, Octavio Paz, and Angel RÁma.Building on the avant-garde reclaiming of cannibalism as an Indigenous practice meant to honorably incorporate the other into the self, these authors took up Brazilian theories of translation in Spanish to fashion a distinctly Latin American literary exchange, one that rejected normative and Anglocentric approaches to translation and developed collaborative techniques to bring about a new understanding of world literature. By shedding new light on the political and aesthetic pathways of translation movements beyond the Global North, Gómez offers an alternative conception of the theoretical and ethical challenges posed by this artistic practice.Cannibal Translation: Literary Reciprocity in Contemporary Latin America mobilizes a capacious archive of personal letters, publishers’ records, newspapers, and new media to illuminate inventive strategies of collectivity and process, such as untranslation, transcreation, intersectional autobiographical translation, and transpeaking.The book invites readers to find fresh meaning in other translational histories and question the practices that mediate literary circulation.
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Bull Trout's Gift : A Salish Story about the Value of Reciprocity
“We were wealthy from the water,” Mitch Smallsalmon says, and like all the tribal elders, he speaks to our understanding of the natural world and the consequences of change.In this book the wisdom of the elders is passed on to the young as the story of the Jocko River, the home of the bull trout, unfolds for a group of schoolchildren on a field trip. The Jocko River flows through the Flathead Indian Reservation in northwestern Montana.For thousands of years the Salish and Pend d’Oreille Indians lived along its banks, finding food and medicine in its plants and fish, and in the game hunted on its floodplain.Readers of this story will learn, along with the students of Ms. Howlett’s class, about the history and culture of the river and its meaning in Native life, tradition, and religion.They will also discover the scientific background and social importance behind the Tribes’ efforts to restore the bull trout to its home waters.Beautifully illustrated and narrated in the tradition of the Salish and Kootenai Tribes, this account of conservation as the legacy of one generation to the next is about being good to the land that has been good to us.Bull Trout’s Gift is steeped in the culture, history, and science that our children must know if they hope to transform past wisdom into future good.
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Sublime Reciprocity in Milton, Kant and Wordsworth : Light out of Darkness
In Paradise Lost the reciprocal forces of 'first matter' are centrally located in 'Light Ethereal, first of things', 'that light', as Raphael explains, that is constituted from its inhering 'reciprocal' forces.This study argues that the workings of this Miltonic reciprocity were first understood in concrete specificity by Immanuel Kant, though buried on two intricately argued manuscript pages of his Opus postumum.Almost as remarkable as Kant's Miltonic recognitions, William Wordsworth directly inspired by earlier Kantian ideas of reciprocity and of the sublime made his own way to this Miltonic poetics of co-existent being, most spectacularly in The Prelude.In this fascinating study, Budick demonstrates how Milton, Kant and Wordsworth together offer a revolutionary understanding of the function of poetry in the quest of human consciousness for participation in being.
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Lessons from a Multispecies Studio : Uncovering Ecological Understanding and Biophilia through Creative Reciprocity
A highly original book in which the author proposes an expanded field of aesthetics, guided by her philosophy and approach to working, through the ways that philosophy can be manifested in art.She demonstrates the depth and complexity that she brings to her work through a sustained and committed relationship to working with animals across multiple projects. The book tells real-world stories about the author’s creative encounters – with animals, plant life, mineral beings and forest ecosystems – in her Vancouver-based interspecies art practice, Animal Lover, and how they shifted her outlook on the Earth and all of life.Each chapter presents a weaving together of personal reflection, interdisciplinary research, critical thought and art methods.The threads converge on this main point: the need to move away from anthropocentrism and towards ecological understanding, reciprocity and biophilia.The local journeys in each chapter are guided by more-than-human ways of knowing which provide an expanded sense of the world and an understanding of the imperative for action.This book is an invitation to readers to step into more-than-human worlds, re-sense life and re-think their relationship with the planet and all its inhabitants.It asks readers to slow down, look around and listen – and feel.Love for life is practised by all beings in their lively projects.It is what joins us together in the relational flourishing that is the vital wondrous complexity of the Earth. The Anthropocene is a term used to describe the geological era in which we live, marking the realization that humans have become such a force that we are affecting the Earth’s air, lands, oceans, climate.At its core, in the modern Eurocentric societies that typify this era, is an entrenched worldview of nature as a means to fuel global capitalist-colonial systems.This anthropocentric worldview justifies the colonization and exploitation of ecosystems and nonhuman life, seen as ‘resources’ available for human expansion and prosperity, and readily available as free labour.The consequential outcomes are manifest in today’s climate emergency and ecological degradations including animal slavery, industrial farming, over-fishing, deforestation and habitat loss, and the coming environmental collapse with its sixth mass extinction.Within recent decades, the sustainability of anthropocentric views have been called into question across disciplines.Lessons from a Multispecies Art Studio joins with these movements, and offers new applied approaches – from interspecies art – to help shape and evolve human outlooks, emotions and actions. Primary readership will be research-creation academic artists working with animals, and researchers working around animals; more-than-human-animal activists; artists and emerging artists, as well as to art theorists and to those with a strong interest in environmental values.
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Is love without reciprocity a question without an answer?
Love without reciprocity can be a complex and challenging experience, but it is not necessarily a question without an answer. While it can be painful and difficult to love someone who does not love you back, it is possible to find fulfillment and joy in loving unconditionally. Ultimately, the answer to this question may vary for each individual, as it depends on their personal beliefs, values, and experiences with love. Some may find peace and contentment in giving love without expecting anything in return, while others may struggle with the lack of reciprocity.
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Why does life consist only of reciprocity and only of money?
Life consists of reciprocity and money because these two elements are essential for survival and functioning in society. Reciprocity is the foundation of social interactions, where individuals exchange goods, services, and support to meet their needs and build relationships. Money, on the other hand, is a medium of exchange that facilitates transactions and enables individuals to acquire the resources they need to live. Together, reciprocity and money form the basis of economic systems and social structures that govern human interactions and relationships.
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What is the price for a complete gaming PC including gadgets and accessories?
The price for a complete gaming PC including gadgets and accessories can vary widely depending on the specific components and accessories chosen. A basic gaming PC with mid-range components and essential accessories like a keyboard, mouse, and headset can start at around $800-$1000. However, for a high-end gaming PC with top-of-the-line components, high-resolution monitors, gaming chairs, and other premium accessories, the price can exceed $3000-$4000. It ultimately depends on the individual's budget and preferences for gaming equipment.
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What is the difference between electronics and technology?
Electronics refers specifically to devices that operate by controlling the flow of electrons, such as computers, smartphones, and televisions. Technology, on the other hand, is a broader term that encompasses a wide range of tools, systems, and methods used to solve problems or achieve goals. While electronics are a subset of technology, technology includes not only electronic devices but also mechanical, digital, and other types of tools and systems.
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