Products related to Languages:
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Endangered Languages
A concise, accessible introduction to language endangerment and why it is one of the most urgent challenges of our times. 58% of the world’s languages—or, approximately 4,000 languages—are endangered.When we break this figure down, we realize that roughly ten percent of languages have fewer than ten language keepers. And, if one language stops being used every three months, this means that in the next 100 years, if we do nothing, 400 more languages will become dormant.In Endangered Languages, Evangelia Adamou, a specialist of endangered languages and a learner of her own community language, Nashta, offers a sobering look at language endangerment and what is truly lost when a language disappears from usage. Combining recent advances from the Western scientific tradition—from the fields of linguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, language attrition, population genetics, and natural language processing—and insights from Indigenous epistemology, theory, and ethics, Adamou examines a wealth of issues surrounding endangered languages.She discusses where endangered languages are found, including how they are faring in a digital world, why these languages are no longer used, and how communities can reclaim languages and keep them strong.Adamou also explains the impact of language continuity on community and individual health and well-being, the importance of language transmission in cultural transmission, and why language rights are essentially human rights. Drawing on varied examples from the Wampanoag Nation to Wales, Endangered Languages offers a powerful reminder of the crucial role every language has in the vitality and well-being of individuals, communities, and our world.
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Love Languages
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Extraterrestrial Languages
If we send a message into space, will extraterrestrial beings receive it?Will they understand?The endlessly fascinating question of whether we are alone in the universe has always been accompanied by another, more complicated one: if there is extraterrestrial life, how would we communicate with it?In this book, Daniel Oberhaus leads readers on a quest for extraterrestrial communication.Exploring Earthlings' various attempts to reach out to non-Earthlings over the centuries, he poses some not entirely answerable questions: If we send a message into space, will extraterrestrial beings receive it?Will they understand? What languages will they (and we) speak? Is there not only a universal grammar (as Noam Chomsky has posited), but also a grammar of the universe?Oberhaus describes, among other things, a late-nineteenth-century idea to communicate with Martians via Morse code and mirrors; the emergence in the twentieth century of SETI (the search for extraterrestrial intelligence), CETI (communication with extraterrestrial intelligence), and finally METI (messaging extraterrestrial intelligence); the one-way space voyage of Ella, an artificial intelligence agent that can play cards, tell fortunes, and recite poetry; and the launching of a theremin concert for aliens.He considers media used in attempts at extraterrestrial communication, from microwave systems to plaques on spacecrafts to formal logic, and discusses attempts to formulate a language for our message, including the Astraglossa and two generations of Lincos (lingua cosmica). The chosen medium for interstellar communication reveals much about the technological sophistication of the civilization that sends it, Oberhaus observes, but even more interesting is the information embedded in the message itself.In Extraterrestrial Languages, he considers how philosophy, linguistics, mathematics, science, and art have informed the design or limited the effectiveness of our interstellar messaging.
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The Balkan Languages
Southeast Europe's Balkan peninsula is home to numerous languages that have come to converge structurally and lexically, due to complex social factors involving contact among speakers of these languages, constituting a 'sprachbund'.This volume provides the first comprehensive, book-length survey of the Balkan languages in English.It covers the full range of languages involved in the Balkan convergence zone, including Albanian, Aromanian, Bulgarian, Gagauz, Greek, Judezmo, Macedonian, Meglenoromanian, Romani, Romanian, Torlak, and West Rumelian Turkish.Balkan convergences - 'Balkanisms' - are presented, considering the grammatical domains of phonetics, phonology, morphology, morphosyntax, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and lexicon.It gives attention to relevant notions of contact linguistics and to the history of the field, while also introducing key conceptual innovations.Providing fresh data and perspectives on the most studied intense contact situation, this work is essential reading for anyone interested in Balkan languages.This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
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Is someone who speaks multiple languages smart or intelligent?
Speaking multiple languages does not necessarily make someone smart or intelligent, as intelligence is a complex and multifaceted trait. However, being multilingual can be a sign of cognitive flexibility, adaptability, and cultural awareness, which are often associated with intelligence. Additionally, the ability to learn and use multiple languages may indicate a strong memory and problem-solving skills. Ultimately, intelligence is not solely determined by language abilities, but being multilingual can be a reflection of certain cognitive strengths.
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Which languages belong to the Slavic languages?
The Slavic languages belong to the Indo-European language family and are spoken primarily in Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe. Some of the major Slavic languages include Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian, and Slovenian. These languages are known for their shared linguistic features and historical connections, but they also have distinct characteristics and dialects within each language.
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Are languages capitalized?
In general, languages are not capitalized unless they are used in a specific context, such as the name of a course or a title. For example, "I am studying Spanish" does not require capitalization, but "I am taking a Spanish class" does. Additionally, when referring to a specific language family or group, such as Romance languages or Germanic languages, the term is not capitalized. However, when using the name of a specific language, such as English or French, it should be capitalized.
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In what point do scripting languages and programming languages differ?
Scripting languages and programming languages differ in their primary use and design. Scripting languages are typically used for automating tasks and controlling software applications, while programming languages are used for developing standalone software and applications. Scripting languages are often interpreted and have a simpler syntax, making them easier to write and read, while programming languages are usually compiled and have a more complex syntax, allowing for more control and flexibility in software development. Additionally, scripting languages are often used for smaller, specific tasks, while programming languages are used for larger, more complex projects.
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The Uralic Languages
The Uralic Languages, second edition, is a reference book which brings together detailed discussions of the historical development and specialized linguistic structures and features of the languages in the Uralic family. The Uralic languages are spoken today in a vast geographical area stretching from Dalarna County in Sweden to Dudinka, Taimyr, Russia.There are currently approximately 50 languages in the group, the largest one among them being the state languages Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian; other Uralic languages covered in the book are South Saami, Skolt Saami, Võro, Moksha Mordvin, Mari, Udmurt, Zyrian Komi, Mansi, Khanty, Nganasan, Forest and Tundra Enets, Nenets, and Selkup.The book also contains a chapter on Finnic languages, the reconstruction of Uralic, the history of Uralic studies, connections of Uralic to other language families, and language names, demographics, and degrees of endangerment.This second and thoroughly revised edition updates and augments the authoritative accounts of the first edition and reflects recent and ongoing developments in linguistics and the languages themselves, as well as our further enhanced understanding of the relations and patterns of influence between them.Each chapter combines modern linguistic analysis and documentary linguistics; a relatively uniform structure allows for easy typological comparison between the individual languages.Written by an international team of experts, The Uralic Languages will be invaluable to students and researchers within linguistics, folklore, and Siberian studies.
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The Dravidian Languages
The Dravidian language family is the world's fourth largest with nearly 250 million speakers across South Asia from Pakistan to Nepal, from Bangladesh to Sri Lanka.This authoritative reference source provides a unique description of the languages, covering their grammatical structure and historical development, plus sociolinguistic features.Each chapter combines a modern linguistic perspective with traditional historical linguistics, and a uniform structure allows for easy typological comparison between the individual languages.New to this edition are chapters on Be??a Ku?umba, Ku?ux, Kuvi and Malaya?am, and enlarged sections in various existing chapters, as well as updated bibliographies and demographic data throughout. The Dravidian Languages will be invaluable to students and researchers within linguistics, and will also be of interest to readers in the fields of comparative literature, areal linguistics and South Asian studies.
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Why Study Languages?
Studying any subject at degree level is an investment in the future that involves significant cost.Now more than ever, students and their parents need to weigh up the potential benefits of university courses.That's where the Why Study series comes in. This series of books, aimed at students, parents and teachers, explains in practical terms the range and scope of an academic subject at university level and where it can lead in terms of careers or further study.Each book sets out to enthuse the reader about its subject and answer the crucial questions that a college prospectus does not.
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Understanding Signed Languages
Understanding Signed Languages provides a broad and accessible introduction to the science of language, with evidence drawn from signed languages around the world.Readers will learn about language through a unique set of signed language studies that will surprise them with the diversity of ways human languages achieve the same functional goals of communication. Designed for students with no prior knowledge of signed languages or linguistics, this book features:A comprehensive introduction to the sub-fields of linguistics, including sociolinguistics, linguistic structure, language change, language acquisition, and bilingualism;Examples from more than 50 of the world’s signed languages and a brief “Language in Community” snapshot in each chapter highlighting one signed language and the researchers who are documenting it;Opportunities to reflect on how language ideologies have shaped scientific inquiry and contributed to linguistic bias;Review and discussion questions, useful websites, and pointers to additional readings and resources at the end of each chapter. Understanding Signed Languages provides instructors with a primary or secondary text to enliven the discourse in introductory classes in linguistics, interpreting, deaf education, disability studies, cognitive science, human diversity, and communication sciences and disorders.Students will develop an appreciation for the language-specific and universal characteristics of signed languages and the global communities in which they emerge.
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In what way do scripting languages and programming languages differ?
Scripting languages are typically interpreted and are designed for specific tasks, such as automating repetitive tasks or web development. They are often easier to learn and use compared to traditional programming languages. Programming languages, on the other hand, are more versatile and can be used to create a wide range of applications, from simple scripts to complex software. They are usually compiled into machine code before execution, which can make them more efficient but also more complex to work with.
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What languages are learned in England and America as foreign languages?
In England and America, the most commonly learned foreign languages are Spanish, French, German, and Mandarin. These languages are often offered in schools and universities as part of the curriculum. Additionally, languages such as Italian, Japanese, and Arabic are also becoming increasingly popular choices for language learners in both countries. Overall, the choice of foreign language to learn in England and America often depends on personal interest, career goals, and cultural relevance.
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Which languages can Violetta speak, in other words, her main languages?
Violetta can speak English and Spanish fluently, as those are her main languages. She is also proficient in Italian and French, but her primary languages are English and Spanish.
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How were languages invented?
Languages were not invented by a single individual or group, but rather evolved over time through a combination of social, cultural, and environmental factors. As early humans began to communicate with each other, they developed simple systems of sounds and gestures to convey meaning. Over generations, these systems became more complex and structured, eventually leading to the development of distinct languages. The diversity of languages we see today is a result of this gradual evolution and the influence of different societies and regions.
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