Products related to Polarization:
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How Polarization Begets Polarization : Ideological Extremism in the US Congress
Extreme polarization in American politics--and especially in the U.S.Congress--is perhaps the most confounding political phenomenon of our time.This book binds together polarization in Congress and polarization in the electorate within an ever-expanding feedback loop.This loop is powered by the discipline exerted by the respective political parties on their Congressional members and district candidates and endorsed by the voters in each Congressional district who must choose between the alternatives offered.These alternatives are just as extreme in competitive as in lop-sided districts.Tight national party discipline produces party delegations in Congress that are widely separated from one another but each ideologically narrowly distributed.As district constituencies become more polarized and are egged on by activists, parties are further motivated to move past a threshold and appeal to their respective bases rather than to voters in the ideological center.America has indeed acquired parties with clear platforms--once thought to be a desirable goal--but these parties are now feuding camps.What resolution might there be? Just as the progressive movement slowly replaced the Gilded Age, might a new reform effort replace the current squabble? Or could an asymmetry develop in the partisan constraints that would lead to ascendancy of the center, or might a new and over-riding issue generate a cross-cutting dimension, opening the door to a new politics?Only the future will tell.
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National Identity and Partisan Polarization
National Identity Identity and Partisan Polarization examines how national identity has become a central issue in political and social life across the world.Questions of identity--who should be counted as a "true member" of a society and who deserves assistance from the government--have displaced other social and economic issues across nations in many countries.This study considers the role of identity theoretically and in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Austria, Germany, Sweden, Hungary, Poland, Israel, and Taiwan.Identity varies over time and over countries. Some such as Sweden have a more "inclusive" sense of identity--one does not need to be born in the country or have ancestry to be considered a "true Swede." Other countries, such as Austria, France, Hungary, Poland, Israel, and Taiwan, have a more "exclusive" notion of identity--where one was born and a common heritage (race, religion, ethnicity) are seen as essential for seeing others as "true" members of society. "Outsiders" are viewed negatively, often as threatening a national culture and not deserving of government assistance.In the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, the major political parties take opposing positions on identity.In the United States and the United Kingdom, issues of identity have become highly correlated (polarized) with social and economic issues.In the former Communist countries of Hungary and Poland, the dominant parties have taken nationalist positions on identity but favor generous welfare policies for people of their own background.In Israel and Taiwan, social and economic issues have become less important than nationalism.
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Polarization Dynamics of Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers : Science, Technology, and Applications
This book provides a comprehensive review of the latest research on the science, technology, and applications of mode-locked fiber lasers generating pulse trains with the evolving state of polarization at time scales ranging from a few pulse widths to 10,000 laser cavity round-trip times.It supports readers with a timely source of information on the current novel scientific concepts, and cost-effective schematics, in addition to an overview of the feasible applications. The book aims to demonstrate for the nonlinear science community a newly emerging field of nonlinear science, and so stimulates the development of new theoretical approaches and opens new horizons for the photonics community by pushing boundaries of the existing laser systems towards new applications.The new classes of optical sources and photonic devices explored in this book will be relevant with applications to other fields, including medicine, bio-photonics, metrology, and environmental safety. Key Features• Provides a cutting edge review of the latest emerging science, technology and applications in the field. • Tackles a topic with fast growing interest in USA, Europe and China. • Explores the simple and cheap design and tests of lasers, and outlines the feasible applications.
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The Biden Presidency : Politics, Policy, and Polarization
This book is among the first serious looks at the first 18 months of the Biden administration and its many challenges.From a tortured transition to a raging pandemic, a fragile economy, and the threat of international insecurity, Joe Biden entered office at a time even more fraught than that he faced as a new vice president.Confronting a nation divided sharply along political, cultural, and sociodemographic lines, Biden and Kamala Harris promised to unify the country, change the tone in Washington, mend fences with allies, and “build back better” a world assailed from stem to stern.This book assesses the successes and shortfalls of the Biden administration’s first 18 months in office, putting all in perspective of the current state of democracy in America.Intended to introduce students of American government to the person (Biden) and the institution (presidency) within a particular system (separation of powers), this book will appeal broadly to citizens, media, and general interest readers in the United States and abroad.
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What is confessional polarization?
Confessional polarization refers to the division and conflict between different religious or confessional groups within a society. This polarization often leads to heightened tensions, discrimination, and even violence between the different groups. It can be fueled by political, social, and economic factors, and can have significant negative impacts on the stability and cohesion of a society. Confessional polarization is a major challenge for many countries and requires efforts to promote dialogue, understanding, and tolerance among different religious and confessional groups.
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Can you explain polarization?
Polarization refers to the process of creating or emphasizing a division or contrast between different groups, opinions, or beliefs. This can happen in various contexts, such as politics, social issues, or even within a community. Polarization often leads to increased tension and conflict between the opposing groups, making it difficult to find common ground or compromise. It can also contribute to a lack of understanding and empathy between the groups, further deepening the divide.
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What does social polarization mean?
Social polarization refers to the division of society into distinct and often opposing groups based on various factors such as income, race, religion, or political beliefs. This division can lead to increased social and economic inequality, as well as a lack of understanding and empathy between different groups. Social polarization can also contribute to social unrest and conflict, as well as hinder the ability of society to address common challenges and work towards common goals.
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What does media polarization mean?
Media polarization refers to the phenomenon where media outlets and platforms present information in a way that aligns with a particular political or ideological perspective. This can lead to the amplification of partisan viewpoints and the reinforcement of existing beliefs, rather than providing a balanced and objective view of the news. Media polarization can contribute to the spread of misinformation, the deepening of societal divisions, and the erosion of trust in the media. It can also make it difficult for individuals to access a wide range of perspectives and form their own informed opinions.
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Brexit, Tweeted : Polarization and Social Media Manipulation
Dissecting 45 million tweets from the period that followed the Brexit referendum, this book presents an extensive analysis of social media manipulation.The book examines emerging changes in partisan politics, nationalist and populist values, as well as broader societal changes that are feeding into polarization and echo-chamber communication.It pulls the curtain back on the techniques employed to interfere with, and potentially distort, the public discussion. Making complex data accessible to non-technical audiences, this unique post-mortem of the Brexit referendum contributes to our understanding of social media disinformation in the UK and beyond.
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Polarization in Astrophysics : The infrared through the radio
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The Rise of Polarization : Affects, Politics, and Philosophy
This book presents a philosophical analysis of affective polarization.It rejects the two-dimensional view of affective polarization and offers a multi-dimensional approach to it.An underlying philosophical issue throughout the book is that our political views are strongly influenced by purely contingent matters. The widespread approach to affective polarization emphasizes the role played by two key elements: political identities and feelings toward the out-group.However, this picture is incomplete. Affectively polarized societies are also characterized by the existence of two-sided narratives drawn upon politically fraught issues, and by the increased confidence in such narratives.In this book, the author examines affective polarization as a multi-dimensional phenomenon.He carefully analyses the essential features of the phenomenon and distinguishes five dimensions of it: the identity dimension, the emotional dimension, the narrative dimension, the credence dimension, and the linguistic dimension.Along the way, he addresses questions such as: How many types of polarization can be distinguished?What are the conditions for a society to count as affectively polarized?What are political narratives and political identities?What do partisans do when they say that they dislike the outgroup?The Rise of Polarization will appeal to scholars and advanced students working in political and social philosophy, political and social psychology, political science, political epistemology, political philosophy of language, and political theory.
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Democracy amid Crises : Polarization, Pandemic, Protests, and Persuasion
A data-rich analysis of how the four inter-related crises of 2020 -- the COVID-19 pandemic, the economic collapse and K-shaped recovery, the clashes over the legacy of racism and policing, and assaults on the legitimacy of democratic institutions (abetted by conspiracy theories) -- shaped not only the 2020 election, but also the future of our democracy. The 2020 election cycle was one of the most tumultuous in the nation's history.Early in the cycle, a global pandemic hit the US, paralyzing much of the economy and raising a multitude of questions about how people would go about voting.Then, beginning in late spring, a series of police brutality cases set off a nationwide wave of protests and civil disturbances related to racial justice concerns.In the final phase, the president of the United States refused to accept the results and incited his followers to storm the US Capitol.How did all of these momentous events shape voters' opinions? And what impact did they have on the outcome? To answer these questions, Kathleen Hall Jamieson and her collaborators surveyed 9,000 Americans over the course of the year to determine how voters reacted to the events on the ground, the campaigns' attempts at persuasion, and the post-election chaos that followed Biden's victory.Generally, American voters saw the multitude of crises through the lens of their polarized partisan predispositions.But why? Jamieson and her co-authors first stress that America has multiple electorates, and they are exposed to different informational environments.The divergent messages they received shaped not only their vote choice, but also how they made sense of these crises.Interestingly, though, while many voters were locked in place by their partisan priors, a majority of those who ended up voting for either Biden or Trump were unsure of their choice and whether they would actually vote at some point during the year.What led to both the wavering in people's choices and the attitudes they eventually adopted were in large part due to the differing media environments enveloping them: the messages from the campaigns, from their family and friends, as well from those in mass and social media.But this is not a simple story of "echo chambers," where individuals are immersed in only one type of media -- far from it.The distinct media environments in which these electorates experienced the election were in fact complex and varied, and the interaction between these different types of media was key.Indeed, most voters were subject to cross-cutting information pressures and not only one type of partisan source.This book's focus on the ebb and flow of the campaign over time and the centrality of wavering voters makes this an authoritative and essential account of one of the most momentous American elections ever.
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What is the polarization of electrodes?
The polarization of electrodes refers to the phenomenon where the performance of an electrode is hindered due to various factors such as resistance, surface reactions, or concentration gradients. This can result in a decrease in the efficiency of the electrode in processes like electrochemical reactions. Polarization can be classified into different types such as activation polarization, concentration polarization, and ohmic polarization, each affecting the electrode performance in different ways. Understanding and mitigating polarization is crucial in optimizing the performance of electrodes in various applications like batteries, fuel cells, and electrolysis.
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What is electrical induction and polarization?
Electrical induction is the process by which a charged object creates an electric field in a nearby neutral object, causing the charges within the neutral object to separate. This separation of charges results in the neutral object becoming polarized, with one side becoming positively charged and the other side becoming negatively charged. This polarization is a temporary effect and occurs in response to the presence of the charged object. When the charged object is removed, the neutral object returns to its original state.
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What is the polarization of light?
The polarization of light refers to the orientation of the electric field oscillations in a light wave. Light waves are transverse waves, meaning the electric and magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. When light is polarized, the electric field oscillates in a specific orientation, such as vertically, horizontally, or diagonally. Polarization can be achieved through various methods, such as passing light through a polarizing filter or reflecting light off a surface at a specific angle.
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How does division relate to polarization?
Division can contribute to polarization by creating a sense of "us vs. them" mentality. When people are divided into opposing groups, it can lead to increased hostility, distrust, and a lack of understanding between the two sides. This can further deepen the divide and lead to polarization as people become more entrenched in their own beliefs and less willing to engage with those who hold different perspectives. In this way, division can fuel polarization by creating and reinforcing barriers between different groups.
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